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djkoloski/rust_serialization_benchmark
djkoloski/rust_serialization_benchmark has 1,021 GitHub stars and 89 forks. GitHot measured 0 stars in 24 hours. Last checked 2026-11-09 12:23 UTC. Last push 2026-10-06.
Benchmarks for rust serialization frameworks
Measured star growth
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README.md
OriginalRust serialization benchmark
The goal of these benchmarks is to provide thorough and complete benchmarks for various rust serialization frameworks.
Contributing
See CONTRIBUTING.md.
Maintainers
These benchmarks are maintained by a small group of volunteers. Special thanks to:
These benchmarks are a work in progress
These benchmarks are still being developed and pull requests to improve benchmarks are welcome.
Interactive site
Calculate the number of messages per second that can be sent/received with various rust serialization frameworks and compression libraries. Documentation
Format
All tests benchmark the following properties (time or size):
- Serialize: serialize data into a buffer
- Deserialize: deserializes a buffer into a normal rust object
- Borrow: deserializes a buffer into a rust object that borrows string data from the input, with lifetime
- Size: the size of the buffer when serialized
- Zlib: the size of the buffer after zlib compression
- Zstd: the size of the buffer after zstd compression
- Zstd Time: the time taken to compress the serialized buffer with zstd
Zero-copy deserialization libraries have an additional set of benchmarks:
- Access: accesses a buffer as structured data
- Read: runs through a buffer and reads fields out of it
- Update: updates a buffer as structured data
Some benchmark results may be italicized and followed by an asterisk. Mouse over these for more details on what situation was benchmarked. Some common terms for those variants:
- (populate): copying or converting from the "regular" input type to the type generated by the library
- (convert): copying or converting back from the library's generated type to the "regular" input type after deserializing
Other footnotes are located at the bottom of the page.
Last updated: 2026-11-05 07:40:20
Runtime info
rustc version
rustc 1.101.0-nightly (2d20b42b8 2026-11-04)
binary: rustc
commit-hash: 2d20b42b883dcfc014f3c2c56081eeb6091c2179
commit-date: 2026-11-04
host: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
release: 1.101.0-nightly
LLVM version: 23.1.5
CPU info
Architecture: x86_64
CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
Address sizes: 48 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
Byte Order: Little Endian
CPU(s): 4
On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3
Vendor ID: GenuineIntel
Model name: Intel(R) Xeon(R) 6975P-C
CPU family: 6
Model: 173
Thread(s) per core: 2
Core(s) per socket: 2
Socket(s): 1
Stepping: 1
BogoMIPS: 5400.00
Flags: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid aperfmperf tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq monitor vmx ssse3 fma cx16 pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch cpuid_fault ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced tpr_shadow flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap avx512ifma clflushopt clwb avx512cd sha_ni avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves avx_vnni avx512_bf16 wbnoinvd ida arat vnmi avx512vbmi umip pku ospke waitpkg avx512_vbmi2 gfni vaes vpclmulqdq avx512_vnni avx512_bitalg tme avx512_vpopcntdq rdpid bus_lock_detect cldemote movdiri movdir64b md_clear serialize amx_bf16 avx512_fp16 amx_tile amx_int8 flush_l1d arch_capabilities
Virtualization: VT-x
Hypervisor vendor: KVM
Virtualization type: full
L1d cache: 96 KiB (2 instances)
L1i cache: 128 KiB (2 instances)
L2 cache: 4 MiB (2 instances)
L3 cache: 480 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s): 1
NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
Vulnerability Gather data sampling: Not affected
Vulnerability Ghostwrite: Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit: Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf: Not affected
Vulnerability Mds: Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown: Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data: Not affected
Vulnerability Old microcode: Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling: Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed: Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow: Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass: Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1: Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2: Mitigation; Enhanced / Automatic IBRS; IBPB conditional; PBRSB-eIBRS Not affected; BHI BHI_DIS_S
Vulnerability Srbds: Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa: Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort: Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape: Not affected
log
This data set is composed of HTTP request logs that are small and contain many strings.
Raw data
For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.
Serialize / deserialize speed and size
| Crate | Serialize | Deserialize | Borrow | Size | Zlib | Zstd | Zstd Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bilrost 0.1016.3 | 299.13 µs* 288.19 µs* | 2.2143 ms | 737.86 µs | 804955 | 328941 | 284849 | 2.7149 ms |
| bin-proto 0.12.9 | 2.5727 ms | 3.5029 ms | † | 1045784 | 373127 | 311553 | 3.3208 ms |
| bitcode 0.6.9 | 174.69 µs | 1.4353 ms | 43.976 µs | 703710 | 288826 | 227322 | 1.7838 ms |
| borsh 1.8.1 | 322.62 µs | 1.9068 ms | † | 885780 | 362204 | 286248 | 2.7188 ms |
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
460.70 µs 1.0931 ms* | † | † | 1443216 1046865* | 513986 481681* | 426532 458024* | 4.4787 ms 3.8625 ms* |
| cbor: cbor4ii 1.2.4 |
386.41 µs | 4.1965 ms | 2.6881 ms | 1407835 | 403440 | 323561 | 3.6076 ms |
| cbor: ciborium 0.2.2 |
1.7137 ms | 7.3657 ms | † | 1407835 | 403440 | 323561 | 3.4891 ms |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 700.65 µs | † | † | 1276368 | 468539 | 388381 | 3.6639 ms |
| flexbuffers 25.12.19 | 4.5973 ms | 4.8646 ms | 3.4287 ms | 1829756 | 714318 | 691541 | 6.4593 ms |
| json: flexon 0.4.9 |
1.4620 ms | 2.7242 ms | † | 1827461 | 470560 | 360727 | 4.1367 ms |
| json: serde_json 1.0.154 |
2.3290 ms | 4.5987 ms | † | 1827461 | 470560 | 360727 | 4.2899 ms |
| json: simd-json 0.19.0 |
1.5254 ms | 3.9868 ms | † | 1827461 | 470560 | 360727 | 4.3269 ms |
| messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.2 |
272.49 µs | 2.2045 ms | 783.67 µs | 764996 | 315291 | 264212 | 2.5442 ms |
| messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.1 |
1.0583 ms | 2.5270 ms | 1.1432 ms | 784997 | 325384 | 277608 | 2.7395 ms |
| messagepack: zerompk 0.8.0 |
277.13 µs | 2.0454 ms | 726.79 µs | 784997 | 325384 | 277608 | 2.6926 ms |
| minicbor 2.3.1 | 314.30 µs | 2.3675 ms | 1.0465 ms | 817830 | 332671 | 284034 | 2.9202 ms |
| nanoserde 0.2.1 | 189.30 µs | 1.8429 ms | † | 1045784 | 373127 | 311553 | 3.0012 ms |
| postcard 1.1.3 | 256.27 µs | 1.9480 ms | 500.25 µs | 724953 | 302399 | 252968 | 2.2717 ms |
| protobuf: buffa 0.9.2 |
674.02 µs* 2.1060 ms* | 2.3432 ms* 2.4383 ms* | 1.2781 ms | 884628 | 363130 | 314959 | 3.1816 ms |
| protobuf: prost 0.14.4 |
768.36 µs* 2.2703 ms* | 2.7265 ms* 2.7853 ms* | † | 884628 | 363130 | 314959 | 3.2162 ms |
| protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2 |
754.67 µs* 2.6141 ms* | 3.0688 ms* 3.1367 ms* | † | 884628 | 363130 | 314959 | 3.2321 ms |
| protobuf: protobuf 4.36.2-release |
1.4951 ms* 6.8149 ms* | 5.5085 ms* 2.1705 ms* | † | 884628 | 363130 | 314959 | 3.2259 ms |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 222.22 µs | 1.4616 ms* 1.8219 ms* | † | 1011488 | 393526 | 325965 | 3.2811 ms |
| ron 0.12.3 | 7.3466 ms | 18.370 ms | 16.654 ms | 1607459 | 449158 | 349324 | 4.3882 ms |
| savefile 0.20.6 | 134.56 µs | 1.7981 ms | † | 1045800 | 373139 | 311562 | 2.9888 ms |
| serde-zap 0.1.1 | 145.77 µs | 1.9599 ms | 467.62 µs | 741295 | 303944 | 256422 | 2.4647 ms |
| wincode 0.6.3 | 145.06 µs | 1.6440 ms | 343.74 µs | 1045784 | 373127 | 311553 | 3.0337 ms |
Zero-copy deserialization speed
| Crate | Access | Read | Update |
|---|---|---|---|
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
43.563 ns* | 774.02 µs* 83.616 µs* | ‡ |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 1.1243 ns* 1.3955 ms* | 32.220 µs* 1.4387 ms* | ‡ |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 340.35 µs* | 7.8456 µs* 349.66 µs* | 7.7040 µs* |
Comparison
Relative to best. Higher is better.
Serialize / deserialize speed and size
| Crate | Serialize | Deserialize | Borrow | Size | Zlib | Zstd | Zstd Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bilrost 0.1016.3 | 44.98%* 46.69%* | 64.82% | 5.96% | 87.42% | 87.80% | 79.80% | 65.70% |
| bin-proto 0.12.9 | 5.23% | 40.97% | † | 67.29% | 77.41% | 72.96% | 53.72% |
| bitcode 0.6.9 | 77.03% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
| borsh 1.8.1 | 41.71% | 75.27% | † | 79.45% | 79.74% | 79.41% | 65.61% |
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
29.21% 12.31%* | † | † | 48.76% 67.22%* | 56.19% 59.96%* | 53.30% 49.63%* | 39.83% 46.18%* |
| cbor: cbor4ii 1.2.4 |
34.82% | 34.20% | 1.64% | 49.99% | 71.59% | 70.26% | 49.45% |
| cbor: ciborium 0.2.2 |
7.85% | 19.49% | † | 49.99% | 71.59% | 70.26% | 51.12% |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 19.21% | † | † | 55.13% | 61.64% | 58.53% | 48.69% |
| flexbuffers 25.12.19 | 2.93% | 29.50% | 1.28% | 38.46% | 40.43% | 32.87% | 27.62% |
| json: flexon 0.4.9 |
9.20% | 52.69% | † | 38.51% | 61.38% | 63.02% | 43.12% |
| json: serde_json 1.0.154 |
5.78% | 31.21% | † | 38.51% | 61.38% | 63.02% | 41.58% |
| json: simd-json 0.19.0 |
8.82% | 36.00% | † | 38.51% | 61.38% | 63.02% | 41.23% |
| messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.2 |
49.38% | 65.11% | 5.61% | 91.99% | 91.61% | 86.04% | 70.11% |
| messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.1 |
12.71% | 56.80% | 3.85% | 89.64% | 88.76% | 81.89% | 65.11% |
| messagepack: zerompk 0.8.0 |
48.55% | 70.17% | 6.05% | 89.64% | 88.76% | 81.89% | 66.25% |
| minicbor 2.3.1 | 42.81% | 60.63% | 4.20% | 86.05% | 86.82% | 80.03% | 61.08% |
| nanoserde 0.2.1 | 71.08% | 77.88% | † | 67.29% | 77.41% | 72.96% | 59.44% |
| postcard 1.1.3 | 52.51% | 73.68% | 8.79% | 97.07% | 95.51% | 89.86% | 78.52% |
| protobuf: buffa 0.9.2 |
19.96%* 6.39%* | 61.25%* 58.86%* | 3.44% | 79.55% | 79.54% | 72.18% | 56.07% |
| protobuf: prost 0.14.4 |
17.51%* 5.93%* | 52.64%* 51.53%* | † | 79.55% | 79.54% | 72.18% | 55.46% |
| protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2 |
17.83%* 5.15%* | 46.77%* 45.76%* | † | 79.55% | 79.54% | 72.18% | 55.19% |
| protobuf: protobuf 4.36.2-release |
9.00%* 1.97%* | 26.06%* 66.13%* | † | 79.55% | 79.54% | 72.18% | 55.30% |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 60.55% | 98.20%* 78.78%* | † | 69.57% | 73.39% | 69.74% | 54.37% |
| ron 0.12.3 | 1.83% | 7.81% | 0.26% | 43.78% | 64.30% | 65.07% | 40.65% |
| savefile 0.20.6 | 100.00% | 79.82% | † | 67.29% | 77.40% | 72.96% | 59.68% |
| serde-zap 0.1.1 | 92.31% | 73.23% | 9.40% | 94.93% | 95.03% | 88.65% | 72.37% |
| wincode 0.6.3 | 92.76% | 87.31% | 12.79% | 67.29% | 77.41% | 72.96% | 58.80% |
Zero-copy deserialization speed
| Crate | Access | Read | Update |
|---|---|---|---|
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
2.58%* | 1.01%* 9.38%* | ‡ |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 100.00%* 0.00%* | 24.35%* 0.55%* | ‡ |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 0.00%* | 100.00%* 2.24%* | 100.00%* |
mesh
This data set is a single mesh. The mesh contains an array of triangles, each of which has three vertices and a normal vector.
Raw data
For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.
Serialize / deserialize speed and size
| Crate | Serialize | Deserialize | Size | Zlib | Zstd | Zstd Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bilrost 0.1016.3 | 3.7032 ms* 3.6884 ms* | 5.7236 ms | 8625005 | 6443961 | 6231572 | 50.539 ms |
| bin-proto 0.12.9 | 5.2260 ms | 7.1603 ms | 6000008 | 5378500 | 5346908 | 7.1305 ms |
| bitcode 0.6.9 | 1.0012 ms | 533.75 µs | 6000006 | 5182295 | 4921841 | 11.857 ms |
| borsh 1.8.1 | 3.1917 ms | 3.5318 ms | 6000004 | 5378496 | 5346866 | 7.1952 ms |
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
7.3529 ms 14.322 ms* | † | 14000088 10401737* | 7130367 7308001* | 6046182 7922110* | 59.990 ms 48.510 ms* |
| cbor: cbor4ii 1.2.4 |
4.3748 ms | 34.767 ms | 13125016 | 7524114 | 6757437 | 65.891 ms |
| cbor: ciborium 0.2.2 |
38.030 ms | 76.858 ms | 13122324 | 7524660 | 6759128 | 65.600 ms |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 618.11 µs | † | 6000024 | 5378434 | 5346878 | 8.0368 ms |
| flexbuffers 25.12.19 | 70.650 ms | 49.141 ms | 26609424 | 11901040 | 12486322 | 115.21 ms |
| json: flexon 0.4.9 |
58.421 ms | 36.451 ms | 26192883 | 9566084 | 8584671 | 121.20 ms |
| json: serde_json 1.0.154 |
60.056 ms | 68.771 ms | 26192883 | 9566084 | 8584671 | 123.05 ms |
| json: simd-json 0.19.0 |
41.135 ms | 83.857 ms | 26192883 | 9566084 | 8584671 | 125.27 ms |
| messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.2 |
591.50 µs | 3.3739 ms | 7500005 | 6058442 | 6014500 | 9.2120 ms |
| messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.1 |
11.746 ms | 8.4254 ms | 8125006 | 6494876 | 6391037 | 47.793 ms |
| messagepack: zerompk 0.8.0 |
666.16 µs | 2.2628 ms | 8125006 | 6494876 | 6391037 | 46.515 ms |
| minicbor 2.3.1 | 2.2999 ms | 8.5380 ms | 8125006 | 6494907 | 6390894 | 47.558 ms |
| nanoserde 0.2.1 | 1.8424 ms | 585.27 µs | 6000008 | 5378500 | 5346908 | 7.4585 ms |
| postcard 1.1.3 | 411.56 µs | 1.0549 ms | 6000003 | 5378495 | 5346897 | 7.5956 ms |
| protobuf: buffa 0.9.2 |
5.1553 ms* 7.5596 ms* | 11.310 ms* 11.124 ms* | 8750000 | 6665735 | 6421877 | 50.435 ms |
| protobuf: prost 0.14.4 |
3.7800 ms* 4.4343 ms* | 9.5633 ms* 9.8617 ms* | 8750000 | 6665735 | 6421877 | 51.746 ms |
| protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2 |
10.751 ms* 28.402 ms* | 23.424 ms* 23.723 ms* | 8750000 | 6665735 | 6421877 | 49.776 ms |
| protobuf: protobuf 4.36.2-release |
33.780 ms* 117.06 ms* | 46.412 ms* 25.965 ms* | 8750000 | 6665735 | 6421877 | 48.600 ms |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 447.97 µs | 405.36 µs* 407.45 µs* | 6000008 | 5378500 | 5346872 | 7.4635 ms |
| ron 0.12.3 | 137.99 ms | 353.74 ms | 22192583 | 8971224 | 8138029 | 118.02 ms |
| savefile 0.20.6 | 405.78 µs | 405.22 µs | 6000024 | 5378519 | 5346896 | 7.6748 ms |
| serde-zap 0.1.1 | 462.82 µs | 1.4890 ms | 6000005 | 5378497 | 5346882 | 7.5798 ms |
| wincode 0.6.3 | 408.18 µs | 407.75 µs | 6000008 | 5378500 | 5346908 | 7.7435 ms |
Zero-copy deserialization speed
| Crate | Access | Read | Update |
|---|---|---|---|
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
55.698 ns* | 10.054 ms* 1.3327 ms* | ‡ |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 1.2998 ns* 34.836 ns* | 28.996 µs* 35.468 µs* | ‡ |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 3.6742 ns* | 21.203 µs* 19.555 µs* | 202.19 µs* |
Comparison
Relative to best. Higher is better.
Serialize / deserialize speed and size
| Crate | Serialize | Deserialize | Size | Zlib | Zstd | Zstd Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bilrost 0.1016.3 | 10.96%* 11.00%* | 7.08% | 69.57% | 80.42% | 78.98% | 14.11% |
| bin-proto 0.12.9 | 7.76% | 5.66% | 100.00% | 96.35% | 92.05% | 100.00% |
| bitcode 0.6.9 | 40.53% | 75.92% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 60.14% |
| borsh 1.8.1 | 12.71% | 11.47% | 100.00% | 96.35% | 92.05% | 99.10% |
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
5.52% 2.83%* | † | 42.86% 57.68%* | 72.68% 70.91%* | 81.40% 62.13%* | 11.89% 14.70%* |
| cbor: cbor4ii 1.2.4 |
9.28% | 1.17% | 45.71% | 68.88% | 72.84% | 10.82% |
| cbor: ciborium 0.2.2 |
1.07% | 0.53% | 45.72% | 68.87% | 72.82% | 10.87% |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 65.65% | † | 100.00% | 96.35% | 92.05% | 88.72% |
| flexbuffers 25.12.19 | 0.57% | 0.82% | 22.55% | 43.54% | 39.42% | 6.19% |
| json: flexon 0.4.9 |
0.69% | 1.11% | 22.91% | 54.17% | 57.33% | 5.88% |
| json: serde_json 1.0.154 |
0.68% | 0.59% | 22.91% | 54.17% | 57.33% | 5.79% |
| json: simd-json 0.19.0 |
0.99% | 0.48% | 22.91% | 54.17% | 57.33% | 5.69% |
| messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.2 |
68.60% | 12.01% | 80.00% | 85.54% | 81.83% | 77.40% |
| messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.1 |
3.45% | 4.81% | 73.85% | 79.79% | 77.01% | 14.92% |
| messagepack: zerompk 0.8.0 |
60.91% | 17.91% | 73.85% | 79.79% | 77.01% | 15.33% |
| minicbor 2.3.1 | 17.64% | 4.75% | 73.85% | 79.79% | 77.01% | 14.99% |
| nanoserde 0.2.1 | 22.02% | 69.24% | 100.00% | 96.35% | 92.05% | 95.60% |
| postcard 1.1.3 | 98.60% | 38.41% | 100.00% | 96.35% | 92.05% | 93.88% |
| protobuf: buffa 0.9.2 |
7.87%* 5.37%* | 3.58%* 3.64%* | 68.57% | 77.75% | 76.64% | 14.14% |
| protobuf: prost 0.14.4 |
10.73%* 9.15%* | 4.24%* 4.11%* | 68.57% | 77.75% | 76.64% | 13.78% |
| protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2 |
3.77%* 1.43%* | 1.73%* 1.71%* | 68.57% | 77.75% | 76.64% | 14.33% |
| protobuf: protobuf 4.36.2-release |
1.20%* 0.35%* | 0.87%* 1.56%* | 68.57% | 77.75% | 76.64% | 14.67% |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 90.58% | 99.97%* 99.45%* | 100.00% | 96.35% | 92.05% | 95.54% |
| ron 0.12.3 | 0.29% | 0.11% | 27.04% | 57.77% | 60.48% | 6.04% |
| savefile 0.20.6 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 96.35% | 92.05% | 92.91% |
| serde-zap 0.1.1 | 87.68% | 27.21% | 100.00% | 96.35% | 92.05% | 94.07% |
| wincode 0.6.3 | 99.41% | 99.38% | 100.00% | 96.35% | 92.05% | 92.08% |
Zero-copy deserialization speed
| Crate | Access | Read | Update |
|---|---|---|---|
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
2.33%* | 0.19%* 1.47%* | ‡ |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 100.00%* 3.73%* | 67.44%* 55.13%* | ‡ |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 35.38%* | 92.23%* 100.00%* | 100.00%* |
minecraft_savedata
This data set is composed of Minecraft player saves that contain highly structured data.
Raw data
For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.
Serialize / deserialize speed and size
| Crate | Serialize | Deserialize | Borrow | Size | Zlib | Zstd | Zstd Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bilrost 0.1016.3 | 771.35 µs* 689.52 µs* | 2.6340 ms | 1.3799 ms | 489348 | 281173 | 249360 | 1.8929 ms |
| bin-proto 0.12.9 | 1.2384 ms | 2.3004 ms | † | 566975 | 239350 | 231475 | 1.7714 ms |
| bitcode 0.6.9 | 119.56 µs | 1.1376 ms | 114.18 µs | 327688 | 200947 | 182040 | 585.67 µs |
| borsh 1.8.1 | 358.92 µs | 1.5233 ms | † | 446595 | 234236 | 209834 | 1.4629 ms |
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
374.37 µs 761.73 µs* | † | † | 803896 489017* | 335606 293127* | 280744 271528* | 2.5445 ms 1.7616 ms* |
| cbor: cbor4ii 1.2.4 |
576.53 µs | 3.5090 ms | 2.3253 ms | 1109831 | 344745 | 274333 | 2.5725 ms |
| cbor: ciborium 0.2.2 |
2.2748 ms | 6.6213 ms | † | 1109821 | 344751 | 274345 | 2.5465 ms |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 2.8047 ms | † | † | 849472 | 347816 | 294871 | 2.5211 ms |
| flexbuffers 25.12.19 | 5.5258 ms | 4.7067 ms | 3.6259 ms | 1187688 | 557642 | 553730 | 4.3861 ms |
| json: flexon 0.4.9 |
1.8167 ms | 3.3548 ms | † | 1623191 | 466527 | 359157 | 4.4098 ms |
| json: serde_json 1.0.154 |
2.3902 ms | 5.5406 ms | † | 1623191 | 466527 | 359157 | 4.3234 ms |
| json: simd-json 0.19.0 |
1.7055 ms | 3.7868 ms | † | 1623191 | 466527 | 359157 | 4.4276 ms |
| messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.2 |
276.00 µs | 2.3049 ms | 1.0249 ms | 391251 | 236877 | 220395 | 1.5055 ms |
| messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.1 |
1.0760 ms | 2.3550 ms | 1.2733 ms | 424533 | 245214 | 226077 | 1.5833 ms |
| messagepack: zerompk 0.8.0 |
286.64 µs | 1.8912 ms | 804.57 µs | 416025 | 243812 | 224965 | 1.6160 ms |
| minicbor 2.3.1 | 436.93 µs | 2.7941 ms | 1.4805 ms | 428773 | 249857 | 228630 | 1.6013 ms |
| nanoserde 0.2.1 | 224.94 µs | 1.6316 ms | † | 567975 | 239930 | 231872 | 1.7512 ms |
| postcard 1.1.3 | 303.88 µs | 1.6953 ms | 617.97 µs | 367489 | 221913 | 207244 | 1.3955 ms |
| protobuf: buffa 0.9.2 |
783.35 µs* 2.4421 ms* | 2.6332 ms* 2.7512 ms* | 1.5800 ms | 596811 | 305319 | 268737 | 2.1972 ms |
| protobuf: prost 0.14.4 |
1.1474 ms* 2.7151 ms* | 2.8529 ms* 2.9444 ms* | † | 596811 | 305319 | 268737 | 2.1872 ms |
| protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2 |
937.99 µs* 2.6952 ms* | 3.0078 ms* 3.2003 ms* | † | 596811 | 305319 | 268737 | 2.1833 ms |
| protobuf: protobuf 4.36.2-release |
1.5522 ms* 6.4421 ms* | 4.9353 ms* 2.1665 ms* | † | 596811 | 305319 | 268737 | 2.1192 ms |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 238.67 µs | 1.3323 ms* 1.6729 ms* | † | 603776 | 254776 | 219421 | 1.7132 ms |
| ron 0.12.3 | 6.0534 ms | 18.572 ms | 17.112 ms | 1465219 | 434943 | 342891 | 4.2140 ms |
| savefile 0.20.6 | 163.62 µs | 1.6010 ms | † | 566991 | 239362 | 231478 | 1.7843 ms |
| serde-zap 0.1.1 | 168.47 µs | 1.6291 ms | 535.10 µs | 367413 | 221291 | 206242 | 1.4710 ms |
| wincode 0.6.3 | 167.32 µs | 1.5747 ms | 460.74 µs | 566975 | 239350 | 231475 | 1.7744 ms |
Zero-copy deserialization speed
| Crate | Access | Read | Update |
|---|---|---|---|
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
43.197 ns* | 432.27 µs* 320.46 ns* | ‡ |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 1.3061 ns* 1.5339 ms* | 1.0138 µs* 1.5403 ms* | ‡ |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 296.82 µs* | 79.118 ns* 296.78 µs* | 1.0764 µs* |
Comparison
Relative to best. Higher is better.
Serialize / deserialize speed and size
| Crate | Serialize | Deserialize | Borrow | Size | Zlib | Zstd | Zstd Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bilrost 0.1016.3 | 15.50%* 17.34%* | 43.19% | 8.27% | 66.96% | 71.47% | 73.00% | 30.94% |
| bin-proto 0.12.9 | 9.65% | 49.45% | † | 57.80% | 83.96% | 78.64% | 33.06% |
| bitcode 0.6.9 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
| borsh 1.8.1 | 33.31% | 74.68% | † | 73.37% | 85.79% | 86.75% | 40.03% |
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
31.94% 15.70%* | † | † | 40.76% 67.01%* | 59.88% 68.55%* | 64.84% 67.04%* | 23.02% 33.25%* |
| cbor: cbor4ii 1.2.4 |
20.74% | 32.42% | 4.91% | 29.53% | 58.29% | 66.36% | 22.77% |
| cbor: ciborium 0.2.2 |
5.26% | 17.18% | † | 29.53% | 58.29% | 66.35% | 23.00% |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 4.26% | † | † | 38.58% | 57.77% | 61.74% | 23.23% |
| flexbuffers 25.12.19 | 2.16% | 24.17% | 3.15% | 27.59% | 36.04% | 32.88% | 13.35% |
| json: flexon 0.4.9 |
6.58% | 33.91% | † | 20.19% | 43.07% | 50.69% | 13.28% |
| json: serde_json 1.0.154 |
5.00% | 20.53% | † | 20.19% | 43.07% | 50.69% | 13.55% |
| json: simd-json 0.19.0 |
7.01% | 30.04% | † | 20.19% | 43.07% | 50.69% | 13.23% |
| messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.2 |
43.32% | 49.36% | 11.14% | 83.75% | 84.83% | 82.60% | 38.90% |
| messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.1 |
11.11% | 48.31% | 8.97% | 77.19% | 81.95% | 80.52% | 36.99% |
| messagepack: zerompk 0.8.0 |
41.71% | 60.15% | 14.19% | 78.77% | 82.42% | 80.92% | 36.24% |
| minicbor 2.3.1 | 27.36% | 40.71% | 7.71% | 76.42% | 80.42% | 79.62% | 36.57% |
| nanoserde 0.2.1 | 53.15% | 69.72% | † | 57.69% | 83.75% | 78.51% | 33.44% |
| postcard 1.1.3 | 39.34% | 67.10% | 18.48% | 89.17% | 90.55% | 87.84% | 41.97% |
| protobuf: buffa 0.9.2 |
15.26%* 4.90%* | 43.20%* 41.35%* | 7.23% | 54.91% | 65.82% | 67.74% | 26.66% |
| protobuf: prost 0.14.4 |
10.42%* 4.40%* | 39.88%* 38.64%* | † | 54.91% | 65.82% | 67.74% | 26.78% |
| protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2 |
12.75%* 4.44%* | 37.82%* 35.55%* | † | 54.91% | 65.82% | 67.74% | 26.82% |
| protobuf: protobuf 4.36.2-release |
7.70%* 1.86%* | 23.05%* 52.51%* | † | 54.91% | 65.82% | 67.74% | 27.64% |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 50.09% | 85.39%* 68.00%* | † | 54.27% | 78.87% | 82.96% | 34.19% |
| ron 0.12.3 | 1.98% | 6.13% | 0.67% | 22.36% | 46.20% | 53.09% | 13.90% |
| savefile 0.20.6 | 73.07% | 71.06% | † | 57.79% | 83.95% | 78.64% | 32.82% |
| serde-zap 0.1.1 | 70.97% | 69.83% | 21.34% | 89.19% | 90.81% | 88.27% | 39.81% |
| wincode 0.6.3 | 71.46% | 72.24% | 24.78% | 57.80% | 83.96% | 78.64% | 33.01% |
Zero-copy deserialization speed
| Crate | Access | Read | Update |
|---|---|---|---|
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
3.02%* | 0.02%* 24.69%* | ‡ |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 100.00%* 0.00%* | 7.80%* 0.01%* | ‡ |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 0.00%* | 100.00%* 0.03%* | 100.00%* |
mk48
This data set is composed of mk48.io game updates that contain data with many exploitable patterns and invariants.
Raw data
For operations, time per iteration; for size, bytes. Lower is better.
Serialize / deserialize speed and size
| Crate | Serialize | Deserialize | Size | Zlib | Zstd | Zstd Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bilrost 0.1016.3 | 3.7833 ms* 2.0454 ms* | 6.1462 ms | 1704643 | 1294259 | 1245668 | 8.4680 ms |
| bin-proto 0.12.9 | 3.6624 ms | 4.9717 ms | 1791489 | 1127998 | 1051146 | 7.4287 ms |
| bitcode 0.6.9 | 623.92 µs | 2.1009 ms | 971318 | 878034 | 850340 | 2.3494 ms |
| borsh 1.8.1 | 1.6902 ms | 2.5950 ms | 1521989 | 1108471 | 1038528 | 7.0873 ms |
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
1.9253 ms 3.1336 ms* | † | 2724288 1616255* | 1546992 1278764* | 1239111 1125654* | 11.076 ms 6.1262 ms* |
| cbor: cbor4ii 1.2.4 |
2.1123 ms | 12.830 ms | 6012539 | 1695215 | 1464951 | 17.034 ms |
| cbor: ciborium 0.2.2 |
13.447 ms | 30.334 ms | 6012373 | 1695146 | 1465025 | 17.684 ms |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 3.4793 ms | † | 2325620 | 1439185 | 1268060 | 10.135 ms |
| flexbuffers 25.12.19 | 26.901 ms | 22.738 ms | 5352680 | 2658295 | 2777967 | 25.654 ms |
| json: flexon 0.4.9 |
8.5675 ms | 15.612 ms | 9390461 | 2391679 | 1842767 | 29.966 ms |
| json: serde_json 1.0.154 |
13.097 ms | 24.012 ms | 9390461 | 2391679 | 1842767 | 29.560 ms |
| json: simd-json 0.19.0 |
8.1264 ms | 29.568 ms | 9390461 | 2391679 | 1842767 | 30.003 ms |
| messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.2 |
839.90 µs | 4.1836 ms | 1458773 | 1156055 | 1137788 | 6.9258 ms |
| messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.1 |
6.8506 ms | 7.5360 ms | 1745322 | 1261627 | 1228923 | 8.5976 ms |
| messagepack: zerompk 0.8.0 |
901.07 µs | 3.9965 ms | 1675866 | 1230968 | 1195006 | 7.9826 ms |
| minicbor 2.3.1 | 1.7581 ms | 8.2901 ms | 1777386 | 1276218 | 1252558 | 8.9882 ms |
| nanoserde 0.2.1 | 804.37 µs | 2.2614 ms | 1812404 | 1134820 | 1053109 | 7.6628 ms |
| postcard 1.1.3 | 1.3872 ms | 3.3196 ms | 1311281 | 1083900 | 1041434 | 6.0958 ms |
| protobuf: buffa 0.9.2 |
2.9447 ms* 6.5807 ms* | 6.6330 ms* 7.6940 ms* | 1859886 | 1338076 | 1295351 | 8.9902 ms |
| protobuf: prost 0.14.4 |
5.7097 ms* 8.8807 ms* | 6.4253 ms* 6.9998 ms* | 1859886 | 1338076 | 1295351 | 9.0573 ms |
| protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2 |
4.0397 ms* 10.194 ms* | 9.4447 ms* 10.155 ms* | 1859886 | 1338076 | 1295351 | 9.0651 ms |
| protobuf: protobuf 4.36.2-release |
6.5065 ms* 24.039 ms* | 16.808 ms* 7.7071 ms* | 1859886 | 1338076 | 1295351 | 8.7971 ms |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 738.46 µs | 1.9026 ms* 2.4200 ms* | 2075936 | 1383779 | 1210377 | 9.4053 ms |
| ron 0.12.3 | 34.368 ms | 110.53 ms | 8677703 | 2233642 | 1826180 | 29.927 ms |
| savefile 0.20.6 | 564.17 µs | 2.3071 ms | 1791505 | 1128012 | 1051153 | 7.4645 ms |
| serde-zap 0.1.1 | 735.09 µs | 3.4478 ms | 1406257 | 1117802 | 1062438 | 6.7743 ms |
| wincode 0.6.3 | 518.31 µs | 1.9917 ms | 1791489 | 1127998 | 1051146 | 7.6447 ms |
Zero-copy deserialization speed
| Crate | Access | Read | Update |
|---|---|---|---|
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
43.102 ns* | 1.5510 ms* 312.56 ns* | ‡ |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 1.3071 ns* 3.7758 ms* | 1.9049 µs* 3.7849 ms* | ‡ |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 435.94 µs* | 185.97 ns* 436.00 µs* | 311.17 ns* |
Comparison
Relative to best. Higher is better.
Serialize / deserialize speed and size
| Crate | Serialize | Deserialize | Size | Zlib | Zstd | Zstd Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bilrost 0.1016.3 | 13.70%* 25.34%* | 30.96% | 56.98% | 67.84% | 68.26% | 27.74% |
| bin-proto 0.12.9 | 14.15% | 38.27% | 54.22% | 77.84% | 80.90% | 31.63% |
| bitcode 0.6.9 | 83.07% | 90.56% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
| borsh 1.8.1 | 30.67% | 73.32% | 63.82% | 79.21% | 81.88% | 33.15% |
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
26.92% 16.54%* | † | 35.65% 60.10%* | 56.76% 68.66%* | 68.63% 75.54%* | 21.21% 38.35%* |
| cbor: cbor4ii 1.2.4 |
24.54% | 14.83% | 16.15% | 51.79% | 58.05% | 13.79% |
| cbor: ciborium 0.2.2 |
3.85% | 6.27% | 16.16% | 51.80% | 58.04% | 13.29% |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 14.90% | † | 41.77% | 61.01% | 67.06% | 23.18% |
| flexbuffers 25.12.19 | 1.93% | 8.37% | 18.15% | 33.03% | 30.61% | 9.16% |
| json: flexon 0.4.9 |
6.05% | 12.19% | 10.34% | 36.71% | 46.14% | 7.84% |
| json: serde_json 1.0.154 |
3.96% | 7.92% | 10.34% | 36.71% | 46.14% | 7.95% |
| json: simd-json 0.19.0 |
6.38% | 6.43% | 10.34% | 36.71% | 46.14% | 7.83% |
| messagepack: msgpacker 0.7.2 |
61.71% | 45.48% | 66.58% | 75.95% | 74.74% | 33.92% |
| messagepack: rmp-serde 1.3.1 |
7.57% | 25.25% | 55.65% | 69.60% | 69.19% | 27.33% |
| messagepack: zerompk 0.8.0 |
57.52% | 47.61% | 57.96% | 71.33% | 71.16% | 29.43% |
| minicbor 2.3.1 | 29.48% | 22.95% | 54.65% | 68.80% | 67.89% | 26.14% |
| nanoserde 0.2.1 | 64.44% | 84.13% | 53.59% | 77.37% | 80.75% | 30.66% |
| postcard 1.1.3 | 37.36% | 57.31% | 74.07% | 81.01% | 81.65% | 38.54% |
| protobuf: buffa 0.9.2 |
17.60%* 7.88%* | 28.68%* 24.73%* | 52.22% | 65.62% | 65.65% | 26.13% |
| protobuf: prost 0.14.4 |
9.08%* 5.84%* | 29.61%* 27.18%* | 52.22% | 65.62% | 65.65% | 25.94% |
| protobuf: protobuf 3.7.2 |
12.83%* 5.08%* | 20.14%* 18.74%* | 52.22% | 65.62% | 65.65% | 25.92% |
| protobuf: protobuf 4.36.2-release |
7.97%* 2.16%* | 11.32%* 24.69%* | 52.22% | 65.62% | 65.65% | 26.71% |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 70.19% | 100.00%* 78.62%* | 46.79% | 63.45% | 70.25% | 24.98% |
| ron 0.12.3 | 1.51% | 1.72% | 11.19% | 39.31% | 46.56% | 7.85% |
| savefile 0.20.6 | 91.87% | 82.47% | 54.22% | 77.84% | 80.90% | 31.47% |
| serde-zap 0.1.1 | 70.51% | 55.18% | 69.07% | 78.55% | 80.04% | 34.68% |
| wincode 0.6.3 | 100.00% | 95.53% | 54.22% | 77.84% | 80.90% | 30.73% |
Zero-copy deserialization speed
| Crate | Access | Read | Update |
|---|---|---|---|
| capnp: capnp 0.27.3 |
3.03%* | 0.01%* 59.50%* | ‡ |
| flatbuffers 25.12.19 | 100.00%* 0.00%* | 9.76%* 0.00%* | ‡ |
| rkyv 0.8.18 | 0.00%* | 100.00%* 0.04%* | 100.00%* |
Footnotes:
* mouse over for situational details
† this deserialization capability is not supported
‡ buffer mutation is not supported (capnp and flatbuffers may but not for rust)
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