Russh

A low-level, async SSH 2.0 client and server library for Rust / Tokio.

Russh gives you direct access to the SSH protocol: channels, authentication, key exchange, port and socket forwarding. It is written in safe Rust, uses async traits, and supports a broad range of algorithms for wide scale interoperability with real-world servers and clients.

• Async-native - integrates directly with Tokio, AsyncRead/AsyncWrite channels
• Broad interoperability - safe algorithms by default, with opt-in support for legacy ones
• Safety-focused - panics, unwrap/expect and unchecked indexing are denied by default

Getting started

Add russh to your Cargo.toml, choosing a crypto backend feature (see below):

[dependencies]
russh = { version = "0.63", features = ["aws-lc-rs"] }
tokio = { version = "1", features = ["full"] }

Then have a look at the examples:

• simple client
• interactive PTY client
• server
• SFTP client
• SFTP server

API documentation is on docs.rs

Crypto backends

Russh requires exactly one crypto backend. Enable the aws-lc-rs or ring crate feature.

# aws-lc-rs (default in most setups)
russh = { version = "0.63", features = ["aws-lc-rs"] }

# or ring (keep `flate2` and `rsa` when disabling default features)
russh = { version = "0.63", default-features = false, features = ["ring", "flate2", "rsa"] }

Supported algorithms

Russh aims for broad interoperability, so it supports both algorithms currently considered safe and a set of older ones that allow connections to older switches etc. Legacy algorithms are opt in.

Key exchange

Recommended

• mlkem768x25519-sha256 (post-quantum hybrid)
• curve25519-sha256, [email protected]
• diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha256 (GEX)
• diffie-hellman-group18-sha512, diffie-hellman-group17-sha512, diffie-hellman-group16-sha512, diffie-hellman-group15-sha512
• diffie-hellman-group14-sha256
• OpenSSH strict key exchange (Terrapin mitigation)
• Programmatic group choice support for DH-GEX

Legacy

• ecdh-sha2-nistp256, ecdh-sha2-nistp384, ecdh-sha2-nistp521
• diffie-hellman-group14-sha1
• diffie-hellman-group1-sha1
• diffie-hellman-group-exchange-sha1 (GEX)

Ciphers

Recommended

• [email protected]
• [email protected], [email protected]
• aes256-ctr, aes192-ctr, aes128-ctr

Legacy

• aes256-cbc, aes192-cbc, aes128-cbc
• 3des-cbc (requires the des crate feature)

MACs

Recommended

• [email protected], [email protected]
• hmac-sha2-256, hmac-sha2-512

Legacy

• [email protected]
• hmac-sha1

Compression

• none
• zlib, [email protected] (requires the flate2 crate feature, on by default)

Host keys & public-key authentication

Recommended

• ssh-ed25519
• ecdsa-sha2-nistp256, ecdsa-sha2-nistp384, ecdsa-sha2-nistp521
• rsa-sha2-256, rsa-sha2-512
• ssh-rsa (SHA-1)
• OpenSSH certificates

Authentication methods

• publickey
• password
• keyboard-interactive
• none
• OpenSSH certificate authentication

Features

• Local port forwarding (direct-tcpip)
• Remote port forwarding (forward-tcpip)
• Local UNIX socket forwarding (direct-streamlocal, client only)
• Remote UNIX socket forwarding (forward-streamlocal)
• AsyncRead / AsyncWrite-able channels
• OpenSSH agent forwarding channels
• OpenSSH keepalive request handling
• OpenSSH server-sig-algs extension
• PuTTY PPK key format
• Pageant support (Windows)

Safety

Russh is built to withstand malicious/misbehaving peers.

• deny(clippy::unwrap_used)
• deny(clippy::expect_used)
• deny(clippy::indexing_slicing)
• deny(clippy::panic)

Exceptions are reviewed and justified manually.

Unsafe code

• cryptovec uses unsafe for faster copying, initialization, and binding to native APIs.

Ecosystem

• russh-sftp - server-side and client-side SFTP subsystem support for russh; see russh/examples/sftp_server.rs or russh/examples/sftp_client.rs.
• async-ssh2-tokio - simple high-level API for running commands over SSH.

Adopters

• HexPatch - A binary patcher and editor written in Rust with a terminal user interface (TUI).
  • Uses russh::client and russh_sftp::client to allow remote editing of files.
• kartoffels - A game where you're given a potato and your job is to implement a firmware for it.
  • Uses russh::server to deliver the game, using ratatui as the rendering engine.
• kty - The terminal for Kubernetes.
  • Uses russh::server to deliver the ratatui based TUI and russh_sftp::server to provide scp based file management.
• lapdev - Self-hosted remote dev environment.
  • Uses russh::server to construct a proxy into your development environment.
• medusa - A fast and secure multi-protocol honeypot.
  • Uses russh::server to be the basis of the honeypot.
• rebels-in-the-sky - P2P terminal game about space pirates playing basketball across the galaxy.
  • Uses russh::server to deliver the game, using ratatui as the rendering engine.
• warpgate - Smart SSH, HTTPS and MySQL bastion that requires no additional client-side software.
  • Uses russh::server in addition to russh::client as part of the smart SSH functionality.
• Devolutions Gateway - Establish a secure entry point for internal or external segmented networks that require authorized just-in-time (JIT) access.
  • Uses russh::client for the web-based SSH client of the standalone web application.
• Sandhole - Expose HTTP/SSH/TCP services through SSH port forwarding. A reverse proxy that just works with an OpenSSH client.
  • Uses russh::server for reverse forwarding connections, local forwarding tunnels, and the ratatui based admin interface.
• Motor OS - A new Rust-based operating system for VMs.
  • Uses russh::server as the base for its own SSH Server.
• Cubic VM - A lightweight command-line manager for virtual machines.
  • Uses russh::client and russh_sftp::client to access the virtual machine instances.
• ferrissh - An async SSH CLI scraper library for network device automation in Rust.
  • Uses russh::client for SSH transport, authentication, and interactive PTY sessions.
• Yazi - Blazing fast terminal file manager written in Rust, based on async I/O.
  • Uses russh::client to implement an async SFTP provider for remote file management.
• GitArena - Software development platform with built-in VCS, issue tracking and code review.
  • Uses russh::server to allow Git operations over SSH.
• Calagopus - Fast, efficient and scalable game hosting - built for everyone.
  • Uses russh::server for efficiently implementing SSH shells and SFTP file management.
• Oryxis - Rust-native SSH client with an encrypted vault, P2P sync and an embedded terminal.
  • Uses russh::client for connections, jump hosts, SOCKS/HTTP/command proxies and SFTP.
• react-native-ssh - Native SSH client for React Native and Expo.
  • Uses russh::client as the SSH transport implementation behind Nitro Modules bindings.

History

Russh began as a fork of Thrussh by Pierre-Étienne Meunier, originally extended to provide the SSH backend for Warpgate.

It has since been substantially reworked, and is maintained independently. Russh prioritises safety-by-default and broad algorithm interoperability. Thanks to Pierre-Étienne and the Thrussh contributors for the original foundation.

Contributors ✨

Thanks goes to these wonderful people (emoji key):

Mihir Samdarshi 📖	Connor Peet 💻	KVZN 💻	Adrian Müller (DTT) 💻	Simone Margaritelli 💻	Joe Grund 💻	AspectUnk 💻
Simão Mata 💻	Mariotaku 💻	yorkz1994 💻	Ciprian Dorin Craciun 💻	Eric Milliken 💻	Swelio 💻	Joshua Benz 💻
Jan Holthuis 🛡️	mateuszkj 💻	Saksham Mittal 💻	Lucas Kent 💻	Raphael Druon 💻	Maya the bee 💻	Milo Mirate 💻
George Hopkins 💻	Åke Amcoff 💻	Brendon Ho 💻	Samuel Ainsworth 💻	Sherlock Holo 💻	Alessandro Ricottone 💻	T0b1-iOS 💻
Shoaib Merchant 💻	Michael Gleason 💻	Ana Gelez 💻	Tom König 💻	Pierre Barre 💻	Jean-Baptiste Skutnik 💻	Adam Chappell 💻
Yaroslav Bolyukin 💻	Julian 💻	Thomas Rampelberg 💻	Kaleb Elwert 📖	Gary Guo 💻	irvingouj @ Devolutions 💻	Toni Peter 💻
Nathaniel Bajo 💻	Eric Rodrigues Pires 💻	Jerome Gravel-Niquet 💻	Quentin Santos 📖	André Almeida 💻	Mattias Eriksson 💻	Josh McKinney 💻
citorva 💻	Eric Seppanen 💻	Eric Seppanen 💻	Patryk Wychowaniec 💻	@RandyMcMillan 💻	handewo 💻	Chris 💻
procr1337 💻	iHsin 💻	Uli Schlachter 💻	Jacob Van Brunt 💻	lgmugnier 💻	Mingwei Samuel 💻	Pascal Grange 💻
wyhaya 💻	Philippe Laflamme 💻	Tom 💻	vzex 💻	Kenny Root 💻	Môshe van der Sterre 💻	Lucy 💻
Mark Bundschuh 💻	tayu0110 💻	Roger Knecht 💻	Guilherme Fontes 💻	Lyn 💻	Mota-Link 💻	Mika Cohen 💻
François Bernier 💻	kpcyrd 💻	Corey Leavitt 💻	wi-adam 💻	Artem Medvedev 💻	ztbh 💻	Moder Steven 💻
Jeongkyu Shin 💻	PokAhonTAS911 💻	ayamir 💻	Luiz Ribeiro 💻	biao29 💻	Georg von Zengen 💻	tluyben 💻
Marko Vejnovic 💻	t8y2 💻	mdevolde 💻	Eric-D 💻

This project follows the all-contributors specification. Contributions of any kind welcome!