ARK-Invest-Tesla-Valuation-Model

The information presented reflects the views and assumptions of the authors at the time of publication. Please note that this research is at least one year old and the authors' current views may materially differ from those presented without notice. The results will not be updated as ARK's internal models change, or any information upon which ARK relies upon changes.

V9 published 10/19/26

This file “Tesla 2031 Valuation Extract for Github” includes an extract of our 2031 price target model for Tesla. Please read ARK’s blog https://www.ark-invest.com/category/valuation-models/arks-expected-share-price-for-tesla-2031 for a more detailed discussion of our assessment, updates since our last published model, and key components of the model. ARK used a Monte Carlo simulation to arrive at our estimated price target for Tesla as well as our bull and bear price targets. A description of each worksheet in the file: “Tesla Valuation Inputs” - This tab has all of our input variables for our Monte Carlo analysis, including a range for each variable. These inputs feed directly into our Monte Carlo Single Simulation tab, and to the price and adoption tables from the Valuation ASP Tables tab, which then feed into the Monte Carlo Single Simulation tab. Here, we also calculate the bull, bear, and expected value from the Monte Carlo Simulation Output tab. The “Valuation ASP Tables” - This tab has our tables for Tesla's average vehicle selling price, price per mile for ride-hail service, and ride-hail adoption curve. These tables feed into the Monte Carlo Single Simulation tab. “Monte Carlo Single Simulation” - This tab takes the variables from our Tesla Valuation Inputs tab and calculates single simulation runs using values within the ranges we laid out for each variable. “Monte Carlo Simulation Output” - This tab is an output of 5,000 simulation runs of our Monte Carlo. We have highlighted some key outputs from the model in each column. We will welcome all questions and constructive criticism and feedback.

You may not use the material for commercial purposes without first obtaining written permission.

2025, ARK Investment Management LLC. All content is original and has been researched and produced by ARK Investment Management LLC (“ARK”) unless otherwise stated herein.

In this tool, you can investigate the assumptions, criteria and methodology used in this Monte Carlo simulation to determine the value of a single security in future years. A Monte Carlo simulation is intended to assist in understanding the impact of risk and uncertainty in forecasting or predicting a future event. The simulation works by assigning multiple values to a set of variables to achieve multiple results, and then averaging those results to obtain an estimate; here, this simulation is being used to predict the price of a single security in future years. The tool is inherently limited by its nature, including the assumption of perfectly efficient markets. ARK has used its research to determine what it believes are reasonable ranges for variables modelled as well as which business lines will have the biggest determination on the security’s future value. The tool is designed to forecast the price of a single security over time. Please refer to the blog for additional information on the assumptions, criteria and methodology used, and the limitations of this tool. The results may vary with each use and over time. This tool relies on historical information of the modelled security, including publicly available financial data sources, and analysis of that data by ARK and by third-parties, combined with ARK’s research to forecast over a future time horizon. Please note that key inputs are included in the Tesla Valuation Inputs tab of this GitHub document. The reader is urged to use extreme caution when considering the forecasted performance, as it is inherently subjective and reflects ARK’s long term positive view of the company. There is no guarantee that any results will align with the forecasted performance, and they might not be predictive. This tool is intended to analyze a single security, and we note that other companies were not considered that may have characteristics similar or superior to those being analyzed. This tool generates outcomes that are hypothetical in nature.

The forecasts and price estimates herein are subject to revision by ARK Invest (“ARK”) and provided solely as a guide to current expectations. Forecasts regarding broad markets and individual issuers are not, and are not intended to be, representative of any ARK-managed investment product or the characteristics of any ARK portfolio. FORECASTS ARE HYPOTHETICAL AND HIGHLY SPECULATIVE, AND PRESENT MANY RISKS AND LIMITATIONS. While ARK believes that there is a sound basis for the forecasts presented, they are provided for illustrative purposes only and no representations are made as to their accuracy. This material is intended only to provide observations and views of the author(s) at the time of writing, both of which are subject to change at any time without prior notice. Certain of the statements contained herein are statements of future expectations and other forward-looking statements that are based on ARK's current views and assumptions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, performance or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Equities may decline in value due to both real and perceived general market, economic, and industry conditions.

ARK does not have investment banking, consulting, or any type of fee-paying relationship with the subject company.

V8 published 06/12/24

This file “Tesla 2029 Valuation Extract for Github” includes an extract of our 2029 price target model for Tesla. Please read ARK’s blog www.ark-invest.com/articles/valuation-models/arks-tesla-price-target-2029 for a more detailed discussion of our assessment, updates since our last published model, and key components of the model. ARK used a Monte Carlo simulation to arrive at our estimated price target for Tesla as well as our bull and bear price targets. A description of each worksheet in the file:

“Tesla Example Valuation” worksheet allows users to provide their own inputs for a fundamental-based valuation of Tesla. Users can change the 5 key drivers of the model in cells L12-L17, as well as 40 other inputs in cells L18-L64. Note that because our price target is derived from a Monte Carlo analysis, there is no one single bear and bull case, but ARK has given example inputs for a bull and bear case in columns N and O.

The “Valuation ASP Tables” worksheet allows the user to change both vehicle average selling price and addressable market at each price point. One can also change the price per mile for an autonomous robotaxi, as well as the inputs for the adoption curve for the percent of Tesla’s fleet that is operating in the ride-hail network. This worksheet feeds into both the “Tesla Example Valuation” tab and the “Monte Carlo Single Simulation” tab.

The “Tesla Valuation Inputs” worksheet allows users to adjust the minimum, bear case, bull case, and maximum inputs for each variable. All variables are modeled as normally distributed with the bear and bull case inputs determining the values one standard deviation below/above the mean. The maximum and minimum inputs are used to exclude all distributions falling outside of the normal range from the analysis. When changing variables in this worksheet it may be necessary to wait to allow the simulation to calculate. Clicking immediately on another cell within the worksheet could cut the simulation short and provide inaccurate results. The output of the model is a probabilistic range of values.

A single simulated outcome is visible on the “Monte Carlo Single Simulation” worksheet; and a collection of all the simulations is visible on the “Monte Carlo Simulation Output” worksheet. A static example of 5,000 simulations using ARK’s inputs and assumptions is included in the “Example 5,000 Simulations” tab.

We will welcome all questions and constructive criticism and feedback.

Update 4/21/23: Added additional columns to our Monte Carlo Output tab, edited a column in our output tab to pull Autonomous Revenue in 2027 (v. 2026), and edited a formula to round our autonomous penetration rate according to fractional years between now and 2027. Changes have no effect on our price target for the 2027 year.

V7 published 04/20/23

This file “Tesla 2027 Valuation Extract for Github” includes an extract of our 2027 price target model for Tesla. Please read ARK’s blog https://ark-invest.com/articles/valuation-models/arks-tesla-price-target-2027/ for a more detailed discussion of our assessment, updates since our last published model, and key components of the model. ARK used a Monte Carlo simulation to arrive at our estimated price target for Tesla as well as our bull and bear price targets. A description of each worksheet in the file:

“Tesla Example Valuation” worksheet allows users to provide their own inputs for a fundamental-based valuation of Tesla. Users can change the 5 key drivers of the model in cells J12-J17, as well as 36 other inputs in cells H19-60. Note that because our price target is derived from a Monte Carlo analysis, there is no one single bear and bull case, but ARK has given example inputs for a bull and bear case in columns L and M.

The “Valuation ASP Tables” worksheet allows the user to change both vehicle average selling price and addressable market at each price point. One can also change the price per mile for an autonomous robotaxi, as well as the inputs for the adoption curve for the percent of Tesla’s fleet that is operating in the ride-hail network. This worksheet feeds into both the “Tesla Valuation” tab and the “Monte Carlo Single Simulation” tab.

The “Tesla Valuation Inputs” worksheet allows users to adjust the minimum, bear case, bull case, and maximum inputs for each variable. All variables are modeled as normally distributed with the bear and bull case inputs determining the values one standard deviation below/above the mean. The maximum and minimum inputs are used to exclude all distributions falling outside of the normal range from the analysis. Note that the “probability that robotaxis launch” row is the only binary input. When changing variables in this worksheet it may be necessary to wait to allow the simulation to calculate. Clicking immediately on another cell within the worksheet could cut the simulation short and provide inaccurate results. The output of the model is a probabilistic range of values.

A single simulated outcome is visible on the “Monte Carlo Single Simulation” worksheet; and a collection of all the simulations is visible on the “Monte Carlo Simulation Output” worksheet. A static example of 5,000 simulations using ARK’s inputs and assumptions is included in the “Example 5,000 Simulations” tab.

We will welcome all questions and constructive criticism and feedback.

V6 published 4/14/22

This file “Tesla 2026 Valuation Extract for Github” includes an extract of our 2026 price target model for Tesla. Please read ARK’s blog for or a more detailed discussion of our assessment, updates since our last published model, and key components of the model.

ARK used a Monte Carlo simulation to arrive at our estimated price target for Tesla as well as our bull and bear price targets.

A description of each worksheet in the file:

“Tesla Example Valuation” worksheet allows users to provide their own inputs for a fundamental-based valuation of Tesla. Users can change the 5 key drivers of the model in cells H12-H17, as well as 32 other inputs in cells H19-55. Note that because our price target is derived from a Monte Carlo analysis, there is no one single bear and bull case, but ARK has given example inputs for a bull and bear case in columns K and L.

The “Valuation ASP Tables” worksheet allows the user to change both vehicle average selling price and addressable market at each price point. One can also change the price per mile for an autonomous robotaxi, as well as the inputs for the adoption curve for the percent of Tesla’s fleet that is operating in the ride-hail network. This worksheet feeds into both the “Tesla Valuation” tab and the “Monte Carlo Valuation” tab.

The “Tesla Valuation Inputs” worksheet the user can adjust the minimum, bear case, bull case, and maximum inputs for each variable. All variables are modeled as normally distributed with the bear and bull case inputs determining the values one standard deviation below/above the mean. The maximum and minimum inputs are used to exclude all distributions falling outside of the normal range from the analysis. Note that the “probability that robotaxis launch” row is the only binary input. When changing variables in this worksheet it may be necessary to wait to allow the simulation to calculate. Clicking immediately on another cell within the worksheet could cut the simulation short and provide inaccurate results. The output of the model is a probabilistic range of values. A single simulated outcome is visible on the “Monte Carlo Single Simulation” worksheet; and a collection of all the simulations is visible on the “Monte Carlo Simulation Output” worksheet. A static example of 5,000 simulations using ARK’s inputs and assumptions is included in the “Example 5,000 Simulations” tab.

We will welcome all questions and constructive criticism and feedback.

V5 published 3/19/21

This file “Tesla 2025 Valuation Extract for Github_3.18.21” includes our 2025 price target model for Tesla. Please read ARK’s blog (https://ark-invest.com/articles/analyst-research/tesla-price-target-2/) for or a more detailed discussion of our assessment, updates since our last published model, and key components of the model. ARK used a Monte Carlo simulation to arrive at our estimated price target for Tesla as well as our bull and bear price targets.

A description of each worksheet in the file:

“Tesla Valuation” worksheet allows users to provide their own inputs for a fundamental-based valuation of Tesla. Users can change the 5 key drivers of the model in cells H12-H17, as well as 28 other inputs in cells H19-51. Note that because our price target is derived from a Monte Carlo analysis, there is no one single bear and bull case, but ARK has given example inputs for a bull and bear case in columns J and K.

The “Valuation ASP Tables” worksheet allows the user to change both vehicle average selling price and addressable market at each price point. One can also change the price per mile for an autonomous robotaxi.

The “Monte Carlo Inputs” worksheet the user can adjust the minimum, bear case, bull case, and maximum inputs for each variable. All variables are modeled as normally distributed with the bear and bull case inputs determining the values one standard deviation below/above the mean. The maximum and minimum inputs are used to exclude all distributions falling outside of the normal range from the analysis. Note that the “probability that robotaxis launch” row is the only binary input. When changing variables in this worksheet it may be necessary to wait to allow the simulation to calculate. Clicking immediately on another cell within the worksheet could cut the simulation short and provide inaccurate results. The “Monte Carlo ASP Tables” worksheet allows the user to change both vehicle average selling price and addressable market at each price point. One can also change the price per mile for an autonomous robotaxi. The output of the model is a probabilistic range of values. A single simulated outcome is visible on the “Monte Carlo Valuation” worksheet; and a collection of all the simulations is visible on the “Monte Carlo Simulations” worksheet. A static example of 5,000 simulations using ARK’s inputs and assumptions is included in the “Example 5,000 Simulations” tab.

We will welcome all questions and constructive criticism and feedback.

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V4 published 3/25/20

Update 3/19/20: We adjusted our Tesla valuation to account for the estimated impact of COVID-19. We have added an input that allows users to adjust factory utilization and realized average selling price (ASP) assumptions for 2020. Note that these changes have adjusted our bear, bull, and expected value price targets for Tesla in 2024.

This file “Tesla 2024 Valuation Extract for Github_3.25.20_v4” contains three different Tesla valuation extracts for users to experiment with their own inputs. The first model assumes ARK’s current research and underlying inputs are correct, but that our probabilities of events occurring, like autonomous robotaxis launching, are subject to change. The second model allows the user to change the underlying inputs but does not provide a probabilistic outcome. The third model allows the user to change both probabilities and inputs. Please read ARK’s blog (https://ark-invest.com/research/tesla-price-target) for or a more detailed discussion of our assessment of the key drivers determining.

ARK Invest Tesla Scenario Probability Model [“Probabilities” worksheet]

This model allows users to input their own probabilities for each of the following:

• Autonomous Capability – Will Tesla launch a fully autonomous taxi service successfully?

• Capital Efficiency – Will Tesla scale factories capital efficiently?

• Gross Margins – Will Tesla’s cost of manufacturing vehicles continue to fall in line with Wright’s Law?

• Access to Capital Markets – If Tesla is unable to lower costs, launch an autonomous taxi network, or become capital efficient, will it also be denied access to the capital markets?

• Black Swan Event – Will Tesla go bankrupt?

The output is a probability weighted average price for Tesla in the year 2024, as well as a bull and bear case. Note that user inputs will adjust the probability at which each scenario occurs while using ARK’s estimated price targets for each probability weighted scenario in column H to calculate bull, bear, and probability weighted average price. Read ARK's Blog with further explanation of our assumptions and thoughts on Tesla here https://ark-invest.com/research/tesla-price-target

Tesla Bottom Up Model [Tesla Valuation and Valuation ASP Tables worksheets]

This model allows users to provide their own inputs for a fundamental-based valuation of Tesla. The “key drivers” are the inputs ARK described in detail in the blog linked above. We have included a representative set of inputs for these variables for ARK’s current bear and bull cases for reference. The “Valuation ASP Tables” worksheet allows the user to change both vehicle average selling price and addressable market at each price point. One can also change the price per mile for an autonomous robotaxi.

The output of the model is a probability weighted average value and financial metrics in the year 2024.

Tesla Monte Carlo Model [Monte Carlo Inputs, Monte Carlo ASP Tables, Monte Carlo Valuation, and Monte Carlo Simulation worksheets]

This model allows users to provide a range of inputs for a bottom up valuation of Tesla. On the “Monte Carlo Inputs” worksheet the user can adjust the minimum, bear case, bull case, and maximum inputs for each variable. All variables are modeled as normally distributed with the bear and bull case inputs determining the values one standard deviation below/above the mean. The maximum and minimum inputs are used to exclude all distributions falling outside of the normal range from the analysis. Note that the “probability that robotaxis launch” row is the only binary input. When changing variables in this worksheet it may be necessary to wait to allow the simulation to calculate. Clicking immediately on another cell within the worksheet could cut the simulation short and provide inaccurate results. The “Monte Carlo ASP Tables” worksheet allows the user to change both vehicle average selling price and addressable market at each price point. One can also change the price per mile for an autonomous robotaxi.

The output of the model is a probabilistic range of values. Relevant charts are on the “Monte Carlo Inputs” worksheet; a single simulated outcome is visible on the “Monte Carlo Valuation” worksheet; and a collection of all the simulations is visible on the “Monte Carlo Simulations” worksheet.

Note, the distribution of price targets arising from the Monte Carlo simulation would imply a narrower bull vs bear outcome-range than our manual tuning would suggest. We still believe that the broader dispersion of outcomes is a more likely outcome due to capital markets reflexivity—if things are going poorly for Tesla then the debt markets will treat them more skeptically, and vice versa—whereas the Monte Carlo simulation treats capital markets receptiveness independently of financial performance.

We will welcome all questions and constructive criticism and feedback.

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ARK’s Old 2023 Tesla Valuation Model (file “Tesla Valuation for Github_5.27.19_v3.5“):

V1 published 5/22/19. Read ARK’s corresponding blog with further explanation of our assumptions and thoughts on Tesla here: https://ark-invest.com/research/tesla-valuation-model

V2 published 5/23/19 fixes: 2018 ASP (was previously just Model 3 ASP), slight correction on 2018 sales units, and fix of EBITDA margin formula

V3 published 5/27/19 Performed a broader extraction of balance sheet feed-throughs from the underlying model to allow the extract to more intuitively respond to different capital intensity expectations and unit sales expectations. Minor formula fix on 5/29/19. Updated debt from 2019 capital raise 5/30/19.

Authors: Sam Korus, Tasha Keeney, Brett Winton

Disclosure: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International License. You may not use the material for commercial purposes without first obtaining written permission.

2020, ARK Investment Management LLC. All content is original and has been researched and produced by ARK Investment Management LLC (“ARK”) unless otherwise stated herein.

This material is for informational purposes only and does not constitute, either explicitly or implicitly, any provision of services or products by ARK. Nothing contained herein constitutes investment, legal, tax or other advice and is not to be relied on in making an investment or other decision. Investors should determine for themselves whether a particular service or product is suitable for their investment needs or should seek such professional advice for their particular situation.

This material is intended only to provide observations and views of the author(s) at the time of writing, both of which are subject to change at any time without prior notice. Certain of the statements contained herein are statements of future expectations and other forward-looking statements that are based on ARK's current views and assumptions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, performance or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Equities may decline in value due to both real and perceived general market, economic, and industry conditions.

ARK's statements are not an endorsement of any company or a recommendation to buy,sell, or hold any security. For a list of all purchases and sales made by ARK for client accounts during the past year that could be considered by the SEC as recommendations, please go to https://ark-invest.com/wp-content/trades/ARK_Trades.pdf. It should not be assumed that recommendations made in the future will be profitable or will equal the performance of the securities in this list. For full disclosures, please go to https://ark-invest.com/terms-of-use.

While ARK’s current assessment of the subject company may be positive, please note that it may be necessary for ARK to liquidate or reduce position sizes prior to the company attaining any indicated valuation prices due to a variety of conditions including, but not limited to, client specific guidelines, changing market conditions, investor activity, fundamental changes in the company’s business model and competitive landscape, headline risk, and government/regulatory activity. Additionally, ARK does not have investment banking, consulting, or any type of fee-paying relationship with the subject company.